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Forsythia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Forsythia (disambiguation).

Forsythia
Forsythia × intermedia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Forsythieae
Genus: Forsythia
Vahl
Type species
Forsythia suspensa
Synonyms[1]

Rangium Juss. in G.-F.Cuvier

Forsythia
Traditional Chinese連翹
Simplified Chinese连翘
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinliánqiáo
IPA[ljɛ̌n.tɕʰjǎʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationlìhn-kìuh
Jyutpinglin4-kiu4
IPA[lin˩.kʰiw˩]

Forsythia /fɔːrˈsɪθiə/, /fɔːrˈsaɪθiə/[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the olive family Oleaceae. There are about 11 species, mostly native to eastern Asia, but one native to southeastern Europe.[1] Forsythia – also one of the plant's common names – is named after the botanist William Forsyth.[3][4][5]

Description

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Forsythia are deciduous shrubs typically growing to a height of 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) and, rarely, up to 6 m (20 ft) with rough grey-brown bark. The leaves are borne oppositely and are usually simple, though sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets; they range between 2 and 10 cm (0.79 and 3.94 in) in length and, rarely, up to 15 cm (5.9 in), with a margin that is serrated or entire (smooth). Twigs may be hollow or chambered, depending on the species.[6]

The flowers are produced in the early spring before the leaves, bright yellow with a deeply four-lobed flower, the petals joined only at the base. These become pendent in rainy weather thus shielding the reproductive parts. The fruit is a dry capsule, containing several winged seeds.[3][7]

There is a long-standing belief that forsythia flowers produce lactose, but lactose occurs only very rarely in natural sources other than milk, and attempts to find lactose in forsythia have been unsuccessful.[8]

The genus is named after William Forsyth (1737–1804), a Scottish botanist who was a royal head gardener and a founding member of the Royal Horticultural Society.[9]

Species

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An adaptation of the warming stripes that shows how the flowering time of Forsythia suspensa in Bavaria has changed between 1951 and 2020

The following species of Forsythia have been documented:[3][4][5][7][10][11][12][excessive citations]

A genetic study[14] does not fully match the traditionally accepted species listed above, and groups the species in four clades: (1) F. suspensa; (2) F. europaea—F. giraldiana; (3) F. ovata—F. japonica—F. viridissima; and (4) F. koreana—F. mandschurica—F. saxatilis. Of the additional species, F. koreana is usually cited as a variety of F. viridissima, and F. saxatilis as a variety of F. japonica;[15] the genetic evidence suggests they may be better treated as distinct species.

Forsythias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the brown-tail and Gothic moth.[citation needed]

Garden history

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Forsythia in full bloom

Two species of forsythia are at the heart of the selected forms and garden hybrids: Forsythia suspensa and F. viridissima. "These two species are, as it were, the founder-members of the forsythia family" writes Alice Coats; they were the earliest species brought into Western gardens from the Far East and they have each played a role in the modern garden shrubs.[16]

Forsythia suspensa, the first to be noticed by a Westerner, was seen in a Japanese garden by the botanist-surgeon Carl Peter Thunberg, who included it (as a lilac) in his Flora Japonica 1784. Thunberg's professional connections lay with the Dutch East India Company, and F. suspensa reached Holland first, by 1833. In England, when it was being offered by Veitch Nurseries in Exeter at mid-century, it was still considered a rarity. Not all the varieties of suspensa are splaying and drooping, best seen hanging over a retaining wall; an erect form found by Fortune near Peking in 1861 was for a time classed as a species—F. fortunei.[16]

Forsythia viridissima, meanwhile, had overtaken it in European gardens. The Scottish plant-hunter Robert Fortune "discovered" it—in a mandarin garden of the coastal city of Chusan (Zhoushan)—before he ever saw it growing wild in the mountains in Zhejiang province.[16]

Forsythia × intermedia in Heidelberg, Germany

Forsythia × intermedia, as its name suggests, is a hybrid of F. suspensa and F. viridissima, introduced in continental Europe about 1880. Repeated crosses of the same two parents have made reiterations of F. × intermedia quite variable. A bud sport of a particularly showy (spectabilis) form is widely marketed as F. × intermedia 'Lynwood Variety'.[16] This cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,[17] as have F. × intermedia Week End 'Courtalyn'[18] and F. Marée d'Or 'Courtasol'.[19]

About the time of the First World War further species were discovered by plant hunters in China: F. giraldian (found in Gansu, 1910) and F. ovata (collected from seed in Korea by E.H. Wilson) have been particularly useful as seed parents in 20th-century American crosses.[16]

Cultivation and uses

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Autumn leaf color

Forsythia are early spring-flowering shrubs with yellow blooms,[20] often seen in private gardens, public landscaping works and parks—notably during Eastertide), when some of the plants are nicknamed Easter Tree in honor of the coming spring.[21] Two species/hybrids are commonly cultivated for ornamental use, Forsythia × intermedia and F. suspensa. They are grown in several climates and gardening zones, prized for being tough and reliable perennial plants. F. × intermedia is the more commonly grown, smaller plant and has an upright habit with vivid flowers. F. suspensa is a large to very large shrub with paler blossoms, and can be grown in a weeping shape on banks. Many named garden cultivars can also be found. Budding Forsythia cuttings are frequently brought indoors, for their opening blooms, in the early spring.[7]

Vegetative propagation is usually achieved via cuttings, taken from green wood after flowering in late spring to early summer. Alternatively, cuttings may be taken between November and February, though this may reduce the flowering spectacle of the following spring.[22] Low-hanging boughs that touch the ground will often take root, adding to the total mass of the plant, but can be removed for transplanting. A common practice (known as layering) is to place a weight over a branch to keep it on the ground and, after it has rooted, to dig up the roots and cut the rooted part from the main branch; this can then be planted.

Forsythia suspensa is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs in Chinese herbology.[23] Forsythia sticks are used to bow a Korean string instrument called ajaeng.[24]

Common names

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In some regions, the plant may be known as Easter tree and the flowers as yellow bells.[citation needed] In Iran, the plant is known as "yellow Jasmine".

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  • Blooming Forsythia × intermedia bush in a hedge in April in Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria
    Blooming Forsythia × intermedia bush in a hedge in April in Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria
  • A young Forsythia shrub
    A young Forsythia shrub
  • Forsythia × intermedia flowers and young leaves
    Forsythia × intermedia flowers and young leaves
  • A Forsythia flower
    A Forsythia flower
  • The large size of a single, 50-year-old Forsythia
    The large size of a single, 50-year-old Forsythia
  • Forsythia flower
    Forsythia flower
  • Close-up of Forsythia flowers
    Close-up of Forsythia flowers
  • A budding Forsythia
    A budding Forsythia

References

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  1. ^ a b "Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Archived from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ a b c "Forsythia". Flora of China. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  4. ^ a b "Forsythia". Flora Europaea. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  5. ^ a b "Plant of the Month: Forsythia". St Andrews Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25.
  6. ^ Donald Wyman (14 April 1950). "The Forsythias" (PDF). Arnoldia. 10 (2).[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ a b c Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  8. ^ Toba, T.; Nagashima, S.; Adachi, S. (1991). "Is lactose really present in plants?". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 54 (2): 305–308. Bibcode:1991JSFA...54..305T. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740540217.
  9. ^ Green Deane (31 August 2011). "Forsythia". Eat the Weeds. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  10. ^ "Forsythia". Oleaceae information site. University of Oxford.
  11. ^ "Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development". Archived from the original on 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  12. ^ "Forsythia Vahl". www.worldfloraonline.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  13. ^ "Forsythia × intermedia Zabel". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  14. ^ Kim, K.-J. (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of Forsythia (Oleaceae) based on chloroplast DNA variation". P. Syst. Evol. 218 (1–2): 113–123. Bibcode:1999PSyEv.218..113K. doi:10.1007/BF01087039.
  15. ^ "Forsythia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2000-06-05.
  16. ^ a b c d e Coats, Alice M. (1965). Garden shrubs and their histories. Dutton. Archived from the original on 2024-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  17. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Forsythia × intermedia 'Lynwood Variety'". Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Forsythia × intermedia Week End 'Courtalyn'". Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  19. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Forsythia Marée d'Or 'Courtasol'". Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  20. ^ "Forsythia (Easter Tree, Forsythia, Golden Bells)". NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. Yellow flowers appear before foliage in February or March and last through April or May.
  21. ^ "Forsythia viridissima". NCSU. Archived from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  22. ^ "Forsythia (Easter Tree, Forsythia, Golden Bells)". NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. Pruning should be done immediately after spring flowering; if done after mid-July, you will likely remove flower buds for the following spring. To rejuvenate an older plant, you can cut it back almost ground level.
  23. ^ Vahl, Thunb (2019-05-02). "Forsythia Lian Qiao Weeping PFAF Plant Database". Plants for a Future. Archived from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  24. ^ "Ajaeng" (in Korean). Culture Content. Archived from the original on 2018-04-14. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
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